Finnish Journal of Social Research is an annually published peer-reviewed journal focusing on research articles relevant to Finnish society. Its scope is multi-disciplinary, covering sociology, political science, and economics, as well as the other social sciences. The articles published in the journal are to be based on high-quality data and appropriate methods, quantitative or qualitative. All published articles are double-blind peer reviewed by at least two experts. We accept submissions throughout the year. Articles will be published online (advance access) once they have been accepted.
Turun korkeakoulujen yhteiskunnallistaloudellinen tutkimusyhdistys ry
When submitting the final (accepted) version of their manuscript to Finnish Journal of Social Research, authors agree to the following terms: 1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in Finnish Journal of Social Research. 2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in Finnish Journal of Social Research. These terms are in effect from September 2020. For articles published before this time, copyright is shared between the journal and the authors.
Familial, femicidal, and intimate partner homicide in early modern Nordic societies
Familial homicide (FH), intimate partner homicide (IPH), and femicide are serious problems in the modern world. Additional information on these phenomena can be gained from historical long-duration homicide research. This study draws on the Historical Homicide Monitor Database to discuss the relative salience of FH, IPH, and femicide in the general homicide patterns of early modern and contemporary periods. The Historical Homicide Monitor (HHM) is a standardized homicide analysis approach designed for long-duration comparisons (Kivivuori et al., 2022). The current data are derived from three regional study sites in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, comparing homicide patterns in these research sites in the early modern period (1609–1699) and contrasting the patterns with the contemporary era (2007–2016). Two findings are discussed: the relative rarity of FH, IPH, and femicide in early modern Nordic homicide data, and the outlier position of Finland in this regard. The aim is to showcase the benefits of standardized homicide instruments in the further development of morphological analysis of violence transitions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Janne Kivivuori https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Changing editors, evolving journal’s identity: Insights into editorial practice
Copyright (c) 2025 Aki Koivula, Irene Prix, Aleksi Karhula https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Does environmental quality play a role in determining housing prices in a coastal community?
Buying a house is one of the most common forms of investment worldwide. People often choose to invest in property not only for its potential financial return, but also because owning a home can contribute significantly to long-term stability and quality of life. While satisfaction with housing conditions is important for overall well-being, this is not necessarily what motivates a purchase. In addition to serving as a residence, property ownership can offer financial benefits if the owner decides to sell or rent it in the future. The first evaluation of the house (which is usually executed together with the real estate agent) is reflected in the willing-to-sell price published in the property sale ads or, as we name it here, property price perception. In this study, we investigated whether the local environmental conditions (presented by coastal seawater quality measured objectively and subjectively) affect the price perception, together with traditional factors affecting the first price evaluation (such as the house and property area and year of construction, etc.) in Raseborg, Finland. We found that prices in ads for houses and cottages listed for sale in the high-peak season were higher in places where the objective state of seawater was in better condition. These results demonstrate that owners and real estate agents consider the natural conditions in their first property evaluation and underline the potential financial reward of local nature for community members and policymakers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ruslan Gunko, Lauri Rapeli, Matias Scheinin, Patrik Karell https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Shifting (un)concerns in considering appearance important among Finnish adolescents and young adults
Due to hyper-visual culture, the importance of physical appearance has allegedly grown among young people. Given the role of appearance in socialization and identity formation, understanding how appearance-related values vary by gender, age, and socio-economic status is crucial for exploring their impact on social inequalities and cultural norms. Using Finnish youth survey data from 2005 and 2019 (N = 3343) and ordinal logistic regression, we examine whether there is a change in self-reported importance of one’s own appearance according to survey year, gender and age, and whether parental socio-economic status plays a role in appearance-related values among 15- to 29-year-old Finns. Our findings reveal that indifference towards the importance of appearance has in fact increased. Overall appearance importance has not risen, but rather become more pronounced among certain social categories, such as young men whose parents have vocational or university education. The alleged significance of appearance regimes may manifest more in forms of self-expression and social belonging among youth, rather than being strictly tied to the perceived importance of physical appearance, thereby hindering the reported importance of appearance. We conclude by discussing the differences between appearance pressures and appearance importance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kirsti Sippel, Erica Åberg, Anna Grahn https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Owning protest but sharing distrust? Confidence in the political system and anti-political-establishment party choice in the Finnish 2011 parliamentary elections
In this study we explore to what extent did anti-political-establishment voting mobilized manifest political distrust in the 2011 Finnish parliamentary elections. In particular, we seek to determine whether the channels of manifest political distrust vary for different forms of political trust. Individual-level data from the Finnish National Election Study (FNES 2011, N = 1,268) is analyzed by applying multinomial logistic regressions. The results show that antipolitical-establishment voting effectively channels both specific and diffuse political distrust, but this dissatisfaction is not reflected as anti-incumbency voting. Furthermore, it seems that a significant amount of latent political distrust, which is not explicitly expressed by party preference at electoral polls, exists in the electorates of several governmental and opposition parties.
Copyright (c) 2014 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Taking back publishing ownership for academia through diamond Open Access
Editorial note for volume 18 no. 1
Perceptions of belonging and school climate in diverse Finnish secondary schools
We investigate how students in culturally diverse lower secondary schools experience belonging and school climate. The data consist of group interviews with 55 students (14–16 years old). Regarding a sense of belonging, the students discussed inclusion, exclusion and discrimination. The school climate was experienced as highly positive but simultaneously chaotic. The students perceived ethnic diversity as accepted and a marker of inclusion, whereas non-binary gender identity was reported as a reason for exclusion, which may be related to this specific school context. To construct a positive school climate for diversity, more detailed attention must be paid to diverse identities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jenni Alisaari, Keith O'Neill, Anna Kuusela, Aleksi Seger, Anuleena Kimanen, Svenja Hammer, Kara Viesca, Samaneh Khalili https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Partnership pathways associated with lifetime childlessness in Belgium and Finland
In recent decades, many European countries have witnessed both a rise in ultimate childlessness and increasing diversity in partnership trajectories. This paper investigates patterns of partnership trajectories associated with childlessness in Belgium and Finland from a life-course perspective. Using sequence and cluster analysis on register data, we examine the partnership histories of Belgian (N=19,590) and Finnish (N=13,368) men and women born in 1975, following them from age 18 to 45. We identified five typical partnership clusters among the Belgian childless and four among the Finnish. Three clusters—Never Partnered, Partnership Instability, and Marriage—are common to both countries. Most childless individuals in both countries remain unpartnered or face partnership instability. A turbulence index was then computed to assess the difference of turbulence of the sequences between the two countries. This paper contributes to the literature on childlessness by examining the heterogeneity of partnership biographies and cross-country differences using high-quality administrative data.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alice Rees, Christine Schnor, Marika Jalovaara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sexual harassment leads to economic inequality
This study examines sexual and gender-based harassment by employees and managers in the Swedish labour market. Using data from the work Environment Survey, we show that women are subjected to this kind of harassment to a greater extent than men, but that both men and women are more vulnerable than the opposite sex when they are in the minority in their workplace. As wages are generally higher in male-dominated workplaces, this means that women are more vulnerable to harassment in workplaces with high wages, and men in workplaces with low wages. The study finds evidence that these patterns increase economic inequality in two ways. First, one survey experiment shows that harassment discourages women and men from seeking employment where their gender is in the minority. Secondly, an analysis of how people switch workplaces over time shows that harassment leads to women leaving relatively well-paid workplaces with a large proportion of men, in favour of lower-paid workplaces with fewer male colleagues.
Copyright (c) 2024 Johanna Rickne, Olle Folke https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cybercrime target exposure, suitability, personality, and victimization: A longitudinal approach
This study utilizes the routine activity theory as a framework to examine if workplace social media usage, compulsive internet use, online aggression and personality traits are related to an elevated risk of cybervictimization. We leveraged 7-wave longitudinal survey data from the Finnish working population (N = 650) and employed multilevel, mixed-effects logistic regression to analyze fixed effects of in-between variables. Our findings reveal that target exposure, suitability and the personality trait of openness had a positive relationship with cybervictimization. We observed fluctuations in cybervictimization across the observation points, although the temporal pattern did not follow a linear trajectory. The results underscore the importance of longitudinal studies on victimization and advocate additional research on cybervictimization within the working population. This study also emphasizes the need for the integration of established theories to augment our comprehension of the fundamental factors influencing cybervictimization.
Copyright (c) 2024 Marko Mikkola, Markus Kaakinen, Nina Savela, Reetta Oksa, Iina Savolainen, Atte Oksanen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Stability or change? The long-term construction of ECEC rationales on the governmental and parliamentary levels in Finland
In recent years, Finnish legislation on Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) has been reformed several times as a way of increasing quality and enhancing children’s learning and wellbeing. However, little research has been conducted on what this means in terms of ECEC rationales on a national level and how such rationales have developed over time. Therefore, the aim of this article is to analyse the political construction of ECEC rationales over time by conducting qualitative content analyses of government bills and minutiae from parliamentary debates relating to three recent reforms (in 2015, 2018 and 2021). We argue that although the discourse on ECEC rationales is mainly characterised by stability, there are also elements of change. Rationales relating to equality, lifelong learning and children’s rights have remained more or less unchanged, while rationales relating to quality ECEC and parental involvement in ECEC have received a more prominent position since 2018.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marina Lundkvist, Mikael Nygård https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Covid, financial stress and mental wellbeing of Finnish adolescents
This article investigates the link between perceptions of financial stress and the mental well-being of Finnish adolescents during the second year of the Covid-19 pandemic. Did adolescents perceive an increase in financial stress and a deterioration of their mental wellbeing during the beginning of the pandemic? Moreover, to what extent can perceptions of increased financial strain explain experiences of mental wellbeing, and what protecting factors mitigate this association? We use unique national survey data collected among Finnish 12–17-year-olds in 2021 (N=1102) for answering our research questions. We found only a moderate increase in financial stress but a considerable deterioration in perceived mental wellbeing. Moreover, financial stress and mental wellbeing were negatively correlated, even if this correlation was moderated by social, psychological as well as school-related factors.
Mental wellbeing, Financial stress, Adolescents, Covid-19 pandemic, Finland, Survey data
Copyright (c) 2024 Mikael Nygård, Mia Hakovirta, Marja Lindberg, Aino Sarkia, Emily Vuorenlinna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
“They have their rules” - Digital stories offer guidance for employment services
This study analyses the stories of the experiences of 18 highly educated migrants with public employment services in Finland. This contributes to the discussion about the value of employment services by exploring 1) how it responds to the needs of educated migrants, 2) how educated migrants experience encounters with employment officers, and 3) what kind of services educated migrants themselves think would help them. The results reveal a lack of encounters and regard for one’s personal situation, as well as deficiencies in professionalism and customer service orientation. The stories in this article portray the employment office mainly as a bureaucratic and faceless apparatus, controlling and sanctioning its subjects. The contribution of this article lies in (1) providing new insights into the understudied topic of highly educated migrants’ experiences of the employment office, (2) offering an example of a user experience analysis and (3) helping develop employment services in collaboration with international talents.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hanna Kirjavainen, Sirppa Kinos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Space of lifestyles in Finland, 2007 and 2018: Continuity, change, and the role of online activities and everyday participation
Has the space of lifestyles—a relational, holistic model of cultural stratification in a society—changed in recent years, marked by the rise of digitalization and social media? Does a better coverage of mundane “everyday participation”, besides conventional cultural indicators, change our view of the space of lifestyles? To tackle these questions, we construct the space of lifestyles in Finland for 2007 and 2018 using two repeated surveys, applying multiple correspondence analysis. With identical sets of indicators, we project observations from 2018 to the model of 2007 as supplementary individuals, which allows us to examine gradual changes in the space. We then build a more comprehensive model for 2018 that includes indicators of online and everyday practices not available in 2007. Measured identically, the results show considerable stability, whereas adding the impact of online and everyday practices subjected the space of lifestyles to profound change.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ossi Sirkka, Semi Purhonen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Citizens’ attitudes on climate policy instruments
Jukka Sivonen’s PhD thesis “Public attitudes on climate policy instruments: a comparative perspective in Europe” was examined at the University of Turku on 6 October 2023.
Copyright (c) 2023 Jukka Sivonen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Copyright (c) 2023 Aki Koivula, Irene Prix; Anna Grahn https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diversity in lay perceptions of social class among Finnish youth
This study explores young Finnish people’s lay perceptions of social class with a focus on the class terms used to form hierarchies based on their everyday understanding. Our approach is based on cultural class research, which focuses on diversity and subtle nuances of class. The participants were 519 young people ages 15 to 25. The data were collected using the word association method and analyzed by quantitative and qualitative content analyses. While 254 participants perceived Finland as having social classes, their perceptions differed from each other. Half of them formed class hierarchies with more explicit logic, and the other half used more implicit ways of forming hierarchies with diverse class terms based on themes of economy, employment, power, majority/minority, and education. Our findings show ample diversity in both the vertical and horizontal perceptions of social class among young lay people.
Copyright (c) 2023 Katja Lötjönen, Jari Martikainen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mental well-being and fear: Examining the association between affective well-being and affective fear of crime in Finland
There is a dearth of knowledge regarding the association between mental well-being and fear of crime. This study utilises several measures of well-being and fear to examine how poorer affective well-being is associated with affective fear of crime in Finland. In addition, the article explores the extent to which feelings of unsafety and generalised distrust moderate this association. The research comprised 2020 survey data representing the Finnish-speaking population in mainland Finland. Descriptive methods, median regression, and interaction terms are used for the analyses. These results indicate that poorer affective well-being is positively associated with a stronger affective fear of crime in Finland. Furthermore, feelings of unsafety and generalised distrust were found to moderate the considered association. This indicates that the perceived risk of victimisation facilitates the association between poorer affective well-being and stronger affective fear of crime in Finland.
Copyright (c) 2024 Pietari Kujala, Mikko Niemelä https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Just a sport or a moral obligation? Football between pressures of politics, financial power and progress from Mussolini to Qatar
The mantra of the sportsmen, sportswomen and politicians is that “sport and politics should not mix”. In practice, it is impossible to separate sport from political, national and economic connections, or from anything that has to do with society. Disagreements over how to define what is ”political” demonstrate this. Today, we consider it appropriate, right, and in congruence with human values that football teams take the knee in support of the Black Lives Matter -campaign, or that the captains of the national teams are entitled to wear rainbow armbands, and we don’t consider this “political”, but a human rights issue. At the same time, authoritarian regimes have made the greatest sporting events – the Olympic Games and World Cup in football – objects of their interest, in the footsteps of Mussolini, Hitler and the leaders of the Soviet Union. The gigantically rich sheikhs and oligarchs have purchased traditional, world-famous football clubs, and the human rights situation of the migrant workers and migrants in Qatar was a highly controversial issue before the latest World Cup. Russia and Belarus were expelled from most international sport events after the Russian attack against Ukraine. This paper deals with the history of political controversies in sports and is a part of the debate on politics in sport and economic influence on sport. It argues that the authoritarian and economic grip on sport has increased to worrying levels, but there are signs of positive development as well.
Copyright (c) 2023 Vesa Vares https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Structural evil or individual deficiency? The construction of poverty in the Finnish Parliament
This article examines the political standpoints and arguments related to poverty by asking how Finnish politicians understand poverty as a social problem, how they construct the poor as a group, and what policy recommendations they propose to fight poverty. Qualitative content analysis was used to examine minutiae from the interpellation debate on the increasing inequality in Finland in November 2017. Despite an increase in austerity policies and a right-wing government, the poverty discourse remained in alignment with a predominantly structural nature, showcasing the strength of ideological and contextual continuity in terms of poverty policy development.
Copyright (c) 2023 Emily Vuorenlinna, Mikael Nygård, Janne Autto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cross-social scientific conversations on Finnish society
Copyright (c) 2022 Elina Kilpi-Jakonen, Outi Sarpila, Iida Kukkonen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The COVID-19 crisis and gender equality in Finland
This article assesses the impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on gender equality in Finland, based on the findings of a research project funded by the government’s analysis, assessment and research activities. Finland provides an interesting case, as in some respects it could be argued to represent the best-case scenario. The article shows that the employment and social impacts of the crisis were gendered, and that the crisis made visible long-term gender equality problems in the Finnish society. The article suggests that the impacts on gender equality were nevertheless relatively small and short term. The lightness of the restriction measures, high levels of gender equality, and the Finnish welfare state contributed to this outcome, even if the protection provided by these factors was not complete. Despite the Finnish government’s commitment to advancing gender equality, the adopted recovery and support measures were not particularly gender sensitive.
Copyright (c) 2022 Merita Mesiäislehto, Anna Elomäki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
It’s the story, stupid! Timo Soini, Jussi Halla-aho and the battle for the story of the Finns Party
What role does storytelling play in right-wing populist parties? With a focus on the Finns Party and its leaders Timo Soini (1995–2017) and Jussi Halla-aho (2017–2021), this article depicts the narrative struggle that ensued when the Finns Party joined government in 2015 and exposes the challenges populist storytellers face when engaged in governing coalitions. Whereas Soini argued in favour of joining government and actively participating in broad, consensus-based policymaking, Halla-aho focused on directly challenging government by targeting migration as a key concern for party voters. These tensions culminated in the breakup of the party, where a small faction continued in government until 2019 while the mother party returned to the opposition. A storytelling perspective shows the importance of a credible truth-telling narrative in understanding far-right populist electoral success and demonstrates the challenges government responsibility presents for populist narrative credibility.
Copyright (c) 2022 Markus Ketola, Johan Nordensvärd https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Life satisfaction and social capital in different age groups in Finland: Data from the European Values Study
The aim of the study is to explore age and language group differences in social capital and life satisfaction, and their associated factors, among Finnish and Swedish speakers in Finland. Data were derived from the European Values Study (EVS), and the sample included 2514 individuals aged 18 years and older. Various regression-based methods were used in the analyses. The results indicate that there are significant differences in social capital between Finnish and Swedish speakers but not in life satisfaction. Nevertheless, a positive association between volunteering and life satisfaction was observed for Finnish speakers. The findings corroborate that structural and cognitive social capital are associated with higher life satisfaction and highlight the potential for promoting well-being in younger and older adults through being actively engaged in and feeling connected to a community. Moreover, special attention should be given to young adults who display the lowest levels of life satisfaction and social capital.
Copyright (c) 2022 Marina Näsman, Fredrica Nyqvist https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fertility recovery despite the COVID-19 pandemic in Finland?
Finland’s increase in births, recorded in the months following the first two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, was among the strongest. We assess whether this fertility increase occurred because of or despite the pandemic, or both, by investigating the country’s fertility trends by women’s region of residence, age group, and parity. Finland overall was modestly hit by the early pandemic, but Helsinki-Uusimaa faced more severe restrictions. We used aggregate register data until September 2021 to assess monthly fertility. In 2020 and 2021, the relative increases in fertility were strongest among women aged 30 and over. In 2021, but not in 2020, fertility increased most in Helsinki-Uusimaa, and across parities. Model-based estimates suggested a modest fertility boost of the early pandemic. To conclude, Finland’s notable fertility increase in 2021 broadly followed pre-existing trends where the country recovered from its all-time low fertility levels, and the early pandemic may have reinforced this trend.
Copyright (c) 2022 Jessica Nisén, Marika Jalovaara, Anna Rotkirch, Mika Gissler https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Copyright (c) 2021 Elina Kilpi-Jakonen, Iida Kukkonen, Outi Sarpila https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Conflicting discourses — Social constructions of corruption in Finland
The Nordic countries are generally regarded as beacons of anti-corruption. This perception also applies to Finland, where corruption is said to be conspicuous by its absence. The article at hand, however, conveys a more nuanced picture of corruption in Finland. It delves into opinions submitted during the formulation of the Finnish anti-corruption strategy, identifying two conflicting corruption-related discourses. The analysis shows that corruption is a contested concept and that views on corruption prevalence and the need for anti-corruption measures vary greatly within the national context. The article illustrates the struggle between national corruption discourses, arguing that such discourses and their overall context should be analysed thoroughly if corruption efforts are to be grounded in their setting and successful. This is the case regardless of context and thus applicable also to countries perceived as “clean and honest”.
Copyright (c) 2021 Catharina Groop https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
In search of healthcare system ideal types — Changeable classifications and dimensions
This article aims to classify the healthcare systems of 43 developed economies into different healthcare system types, and to examine whether the dimensions of health system characteristics produce coherent health system classification when the dimensions are observed separately. We group health systems into different types based on their institutional structures and performance using healthcare financing, healthcare provision and health outcomes as dimensions of the health system characteristics. Unlike previous classifications, we classify each dimension separately using hierarchical cluster analysis. In particular dimensions, our results resemble those found in previous classifications. However, no coherent clustering of healthcare systems was found across the three dimensions. The results show that healthcare system dimensions differ from each other and each of them form their unique system types. Separating the dimensions helps detecting connections between the healthcare system types and phenomena being studied. It is relevant to note the differences of health system dimensions while discussing healthcare system classifications. Terveydenhuoltojärjestelmien ideaalimalleja etsimässä — Häilyvät luokittelut ja ulottuvuudet Abstrakti Tämän artikkelin tavoitteena on (1) luokitella 43 kehittyneen maan terveydenhuoltojärjestelmiä eri terveydenhuoltojärjestelmätyyppeihin ja (2) tarkastella tuottavatko järjestelmien ulottuvuudet yhtenäisen terveysjärjestelmäluokittelun myös silloin, kun luokittelu tapahtuu kunkin ulottuvuuden perusteella. Luokittelemme terveysjärjestelmät eri tyyppeihin niiden institutionaalisten rakenteiden ja suorituskyvyn perusteella. Terveysjärjestelmäpiirteiden ulottuvuuksina käytämme terveydenhuollon rahoitusta, terveydenhuollon järjestämistapoja ja kansalaisten terveydentilaa. Toisin kuin aiemmissa luokitteluissa, luokittelemme jokaisen ulottuvuuden erikseen klusterianalyysin keinoin. Tuloksemme ovat osittain samankaltaisia aiempien tutkimustulosten kanssa. Yhtenäistä terveydenhuoltojärjestelmien ryhmittelyä ei kuitenkaan löytynyt mainittujen kolmen ulottuvuuden kesken. Tulokset osoittavat, että terveydenhuoltojärjestelmien ulottuvuudet eroavat toisistaan ja jokainen niistä muodostaa omat ainutlaatuiset järjestelmämallinsa. Ulottuvuuksien erotteleminen auttaa tunnistamaan yhteyksiä terveydenhuoltojärjestelmätyyppien ja niihin kytkeytyvien ilmiöiden välillä. Olennaista on kiinnittää huomiota terveysjärjestelmien ulottuvuuksien välisiin eroihin terveydenhuoltojärjestelmien luokittelussa. Avainsanat: terveydenhuoltojärjestelmätypologia, terveydenhuoltojärjestelmäluokittelu, terveydenhuoltojärjestelmämallit, hierarkkinen klusterianalyysi, terveydenhuoltojärjestelmien ulottuvuudet
Copyright (c) 2021 Iris Moolla, Heikki Hiilamo, Antti Kouvo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Finnish education system as seen from an Indonesian perspective
The aim of this paper is to discuss the Finnish education system from an Indonesian perspective, and consider what citizens, notably from middle-income countries, may learn from the Finnish system. The source material is the author’s book, which provides an Indonesian perspective on the Finnish education system, supplemented by discussions from webinars and weekly Instagram Live discussions on the topic. It is known that education is part of a country’s culture, thus the Finnish education system cannot simply be implemented as such in another place. Yet there certainly are elements that can be adopted to the local culture, in this case, in Indonesia. The different models of education in Finland and Indonesia are compared to conclude with lessons that we can learn from Finland, notably regarding a sustainable future and the possibility of learning simple daily life skills.
Copyright (c) 2021 Ratih Adiputri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Copyright (c) 2020 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0